The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Summary: 1.Deontology is an approach to ethics which adheres to the theory that an end does not justify the means while teleology is an approach to ethics that adheres to the theory that the end always justifies the means. I would have shot him in the hand that was holding the detonator to prevent him from being able to press it. 645 Another distinguishing difference is that Mills utilitarianism version was a rule while Benthams version utilitarianism was an act. utilitarianism. In order to compare and contrast each theory, it is important to understand each theory individually. This is unacceptable in deontology because it starts with the . 3. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". In conclusion, deontology and utilitarianism are two ethical theories that approach moral dilemmas in different ways. If I were placed in this situation, I would take into consideration both deontology and utilitarianism. |Attribute |Teleology |Deontology |Utilitarianism, decision-making process. Routledge. Just talk to our smart assistant Amy and she'll connect you with the best In the wake of genetically modified organisms, Routledge. In the modern world, humans cant [], Social Media is any website that allows social interaction. In this Off-Duty Police Officer scenario, the advice of both theories was necessary to come to the conclusion that shooting the hand rather than killing the bomber to preserve his life and the life of those in the marketplace was the best option. Therefore, the moral rules are applicable to everyone regardless of the situation. A utilitarian in this situation would advise that you should decide on the action that maximizes happiness, which would be to pull the lever and save the group of five people. It is also perceived taking advantage of happiness for the good of the whole society is the most ethical thing to do. Both utilitarianism and deontology deal with the ethics and consequences of one's actions and behavior despite the outcome. Morality is pertained to as the foundation of ethics. In Otherwise he could be viewed as a stratified hedonistic utilitarian because he was able to retain Benthams version of happiness. Instead it poses broader questions such as what is the good life, how a person should live, and what are proper family virtues (Annas, 2017). These approaches to ethics have similarities and differences at the end of the day. For instance, do not kill people is one rule that tends to lower the net utility. You may use it as a guide or sample for . Thirdly, I will show the strengths and weaknesses of deontology. Deontology believes that there are some actions that are wrong to carry out or are immoral regardless of the outcomes they produce. Students who find writing to be a difficult task. The ethical theories of utilitarian, deontological, and virtue ethics are the most common. It also builds on the motivation of caring for the most vulnerable and dependent people in society. Therefore, the common ground between these three theories is goodness and morality as perceived by others within communities such as a work environment, a group of friends, and family. t=15622 http://economics. practicalbioethics. Students in need of free samples of academic papers such as essays, book reports, research papers, term papers on various different topics. Utilitarians, however, argue that common sense has been used to justify many positions on both sides of this controversy. Additionally, attaining happiness means learning how to make important decisions in life and possessing the capacity to reason well. For instance, each and every human life, no matter the stage of development or condition the person is in, it is inherently valuable. Deontology values doing what is right, regardless of the situation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. The option that produces the greatest benefit/happiness for the largest number of people is the right course of action to take. A persons ethical and social responsibility is very important to their personal and business success. How does an individual determine what is right, wrong, ethical, or unethical? Bad faith obstructs human beings from obtaining their freedom. htm http://plato. Each theory will emphasize the different points including predicting the outcome or end results. , 49-61. Virtue ethics centers on an individuals lifes approach rather than specific actions and choices. Name of the student: Philosophy: Date: Morals, Customer inserts his/her full name Date Rachel's, Based on the definitions of Impartialist and Universalist theory, both are strongly interconnected with, In the paper Sterling Harwood's Objections to, The author of this essay "Business Ethics and, Similarities between deontology and utilitarianism, Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics, Utilitarianism as Proposed by Bentham and Mill, The Differences between Utilitarianism and Kantian Deontology, Deontology and Utilitarianism Ethics Systems in Accounting, Consideration of the Weaknesses of Utilitarianism by Guildford Four when Used as the Moral Guide of the State, Business Ethics, Sustainability and Culture, Death Penalty, Kantian Ethics, and Utilitarianism, Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatory and Ethical Failure, Is ethical Business Good or Bad for Business, Banking Industry Meltdown: The Ethical and Financial Risks of Derivatives, The Connections between the Structures of Our Society and the Kinds of People We Are, Accounting Scandals: ABC Learning and Parmalat Cases, Evaluation of Sweatshops Using Kants Deontology and Utilitarianism, Universalist and impartialist about Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism, Rawl's Theory of Justice and Kantian Deontology, Utilitarianism, Kantian Deontology, Justice, Rights, and Normative Ethical Theories in Business, Case Study of an Organization that has Experienced an Ethical Dilemma, Universalism,impartialism, & utilitarianism, Catholic Social Teachings and Utilitarianism, Sterling Harwoods Objections to Utilitarianism, similarities between deontology and utilitarianism. The two schools of thought concerning morality, which are almost similar but very different from each other, are deontology and utilitarianism (Casey, 2016). they tend to produce the reverse of happiness John Stuart Mill . Deontology mainly focuses on Immanuel Kants philosophies, and it advocates that both the outcomes and actions have to be ethical. In case you can't find a relevant example, our professional writers are ready From their views, the good life does not entail being wealthy, but it is about having happiness and the intellectual virtues of life (Gawronski et al., 2016). Mills version seems like an improvement of Benthams version, but there are several situations where utility is increased by breaking the rule, and it can be expedient to break them (Mill, 2016). SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES:- What utilitarianism and deontology do not share in common is their analysis of what makes a particular act good or bad, right or wrong. (2019). While the two theories possess many differences, they also have some similarities. The similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological began with defining each on their own values. It is usually contrasted with deontological philosophy, which states that there are inviolable moral rules that do not change depending on the situation ( Greene, 2007b ). Virtue theory is an approach to ethics, theories helps one to understand a persons guidance method, which helps or aides a person through their decision making process. Virtuous people exhibit empathy and are able to see issues from the perspectives of other individuals. However, too many people do not image of the consequences nor do they think about the principles of morals when carrying [], A man by the name of John was a technician at a nuclear power plant in the state of Ohio in the USA. the experience of the six blind men who come across different parts of the Deontological Ethics, also known as duty ethics, opposes Utilitarianism forming ethics based on what is "morally required, forbidden, or permitted" (Alexander & Moore, 2021). Proponents of virtue ethics hold that certain virtues such as integrity; compassion, and honesty transcend culture and time. Kantianism and utilitarianism have different ways for determining whether an act we do is right or wrong. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory focused on maximizing the overall good; the good of others as well as the good of ones self. In that way, individuals become the judges of their welfare. appeal to reason legislating a law for itself (reason) appeal to what people desire as an end (experience) status of morality. Varieties of Virtue Ethics That is, it is impossible to predict the outcomes of one's actions with absolute certainty. The last difference between utilitarianism and deontology is that utilitarianism is based of naturalism, and deontology is based off rationalism. Deontology does not believe in the concept of the end justifies the means whereas Utilitarianism does. A moral agent would do a specific action not because of what it creates, as with past experience, but that they will understand by reasoning that that specific action is the morally correct thing to do. This is one of the important principles laid down by the ethical school of thought called deontology. That is, it is impossible to predict the outcomes of ones actions with absolute certainty. Hence, the followers of utilitarianism school of morality give more value to the outcome of an action. Get your custom essay. For instance, to determine which government is best is a matter of determining which government has the greatest actions. Both utilitarianism and deontology can be applied to the whole society. B., Friesdorf, R., & Htter, M. (2016). Baron, J. we are and should be, deontology might be considered a more direct ethical theory that allows us answers about . Unlike utilitarianism, deontology does not make situational exceptions, or value pain over pleasure. Importantly, both Utilitarianism and deontological theories agree that human happiness and pleasure stand as the end reward for good actions. Healthcare follows the utilitarianism principles to a great extent. Consequentialism, as its name suggests, is simply the view that normative properties depend only on consequences. If I were faced with this scenario, then I would have reacted with the middle ground between these two theories. You are standing next to a lever. The Trolley Problem: Utilitarianism Vs Deontology Essay, Analysis Of Stealing In Terms Of Kants Deontological Ethics Essay, The Pros and Cons of Kantian Deontology Moral Theory Essay, Deontology Versus Utilitarianism In Everyday Life Essay, Utilitarianism Vs Deontology: A Case Study Essay, Ethical Dilemma Analysis: Consequentialist, Deontological, and Virtue Ethics Approach Essay, Discussion of How Much is a Human Life Worth Essay, Ethical Issues of Using Social Media at Workplace Essay. Deontology takes the universally accepted codes of conduct into account. Difference Between Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Deontological limitations are as follows; Deontologists create concrete distinctions between what is moral right and wrong and use their morals as a guide when making choices. If you fit this description, you can use our free essay samples to generate ideas, get inspired and figure out a title or outline for your paper. In Doing well a making the right decision or action is of main point in this theory of ethics. 1. From the idea, individuals believe that consequences result from actions that have significant values compared to those that do not (Mill, 2016). Freewill plays a significant role in ethical decision making. Similar to utilitarianism, egoism is a theory based on ethics of consequence. Freeing or freezing decisions? writing your own paper, but remember to Human beings engage in acts of moral code from one side and non-moral rules from the other side in social life. (pp. It borrows Why does Socrates assent to his sentence? You can either: do nothing and let the trolley kill five people, or pull the lever for the trolley to switch tracks where it will kill a single person. It is the morality of an action that can determine the morality of its outcome. (pp. Utilitarianism noun. According to Kant, we should look at the intentions or maxims of a particular action. Specifically, when individuals mainly focus on shorter goals, their belief in free will is likely to make them believe that they are responsible for their actions (Kokkoris, Baumeister & Kuhnen, 2019). In his view, wants and ethics are better than ethics. In order to act morally, deontology says, one must follow ones moral duties; I'm going to more specifically employ a patient-centered deontological ethical Do you save yourself? However, Sartre emphasized rationality being a type of bad faith and an attempt to impose structure on the random and irrational phenomena of the universe. follow whatever rules and practices that will, in this moment, move you closer to goal X. Virtue ethics encourages people to consider what action will help them become better people in society. This shows that utilitarianism and deontology both incline in the same direction of acting morally. To gain a more in depth understanding of a particular topic or subject. To build up and formulate own thoughts and ideas based on visions of other people. Life is not a walk in the park when it comes to making decisions. The questions that come into mind are what should I do? also what sort of person should I be? The first question is focused on the deontological and teleological where the, Used to show similarities and differences between things (people, places, events, ideas, etc.). method of justifying the first principle. Also, utilitarianism would argue that deontology leads to morally untenable outcomes, such as in the example above. They are polar opposites in how they approach understanding what is good and bad. How do you deal with an unpleasant person? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This document will discuss the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. CONCLUSION:- REFERENCES:- http://www. From a philosophical point of view, the good life is the type of life that a person dreams of having. . Understanding responses to moral dilemmas: Deontological inclinations, utilitarian inclinations, and general action tendencies. The main difference between Kantianism and Utilitarianism is that Kantianism is a deontological moral theory whereas utilitarianism is a teleological moral theory. htm http://atheism. Mill had a belief that higher pleasures were quantitatively and more significant than lower forms of pleasure. In such a context, the attention paid to the manner in which a goal is achieved is insignificant. In this problem, you see a runaway trolley driving out of control toward five people on the tracks. In this case telling a lie is the right thing to do for the good for a larger number of people. 91-110). What is Utilitarianism. He suggested that the principle of utility should be considered a way of determining the moral rules governing utility. (ethics) The normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules or obligations rather than either the inherent goodness or the consequences of those actions. Thirdly, the culture of the organisation may believe that sexual harassment is a side effect of the job and therefore is unimportant and not harmful to its victims. To contrast utilitarianism and deontology, utilitarianism uses the consequences of their actions as the basis of what they decide to do. Kant's deontological philosophy stemmed from his belief that humans possess the ability to reason and understand universal moral laws that they can apply in all situations. This is 100% legal. The goodwill is characterized to be good-in-itself. He establishes moral decisions on the structure of an agent by good incentives, aspects and appreciation of the law. On the other hand, act utilitarianism focuses on the first instance of the decision, and the act that follows is all that matters. It focuses less on specific policies or courses of action. The lyrics chosen for the essay is Imagine by John Lennon. Deontology noun. These are the important differences between the two schools of thought regarding morality, namely, Utilitarianism and Deontology. Utilitarian vs. deontological reasoning: method, results, and theory. The theory is widely applied in different ethical fields and moral issues, including the environment, animal care, public policy, and bioethics. submit it as your own as it will be considered plagiarism. Utilitarian is based on the good of the, compare and contrast between deontology the centers on the principles of 18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant, And utilitarianism which is the brainchild of philosophers John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Unlike utilitarianism, deontology does not make situational exceptions, or value pain over pleasure. In Nevertheless, a correct motivation alone is never a justification for an action in a deontological moral system and cannot be used as a basis for describing an action as morally correct. Annas, J. Although Utilitarianism is an act to promote happiness and prevents unhappiness, its ethical implications are much greater compared to the benefits. Additionally, deontological ethics is also quite similar to virtue ethics in the manner in which it cedes authority with regard to the application of authority as a guide in assessing some of the most beneficial human behaviors known today. Also, since deontologists place a high value on the individual, in some instances it is permissible not to maximize the good when it is detrimental to yourself. 154 But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Registration number: 419361 Get original paper in 3 hours and nail the task. By clicking Proceed, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. categories of ethical theory include deontology, utilitarianism, rights, and virtues. Casey, E. (2016). In contrast Mills utilitarianism version different. 6 min read. Meaning it is never morally correct to use a human being only as a means to a further end. Comparison and Contrast between Deontology and Utilitarianism. Need a custom essay sample written specially to meet your By continuing well Deontology is The study of the nature of duty and obligation, (wikipedia.com, Deontological Ethics). 3. Utilitarian standards often support the ideas of the majority at the expense of individual rights (Casey, 2016). A gift granted by God. Deontologist apply conventional ways by taking their promises seriously and honoring their duties (Mill, 2016). During this accident John was present at [], Under the pressures of authority, integrity, and our values, how does an individual determine what is the ethically right thing to do? Care ethics and political theory Mill. One cannot ground morality on emotions since each person has a different reason for feeling certain emotions. The Good Life: Deontology vs. Utilitarianism, Annas, J. In deontological approach, outcomes/consequences may not just justify the means to achieve it while in utilitarian approach; outcomes determine the means and greatest benefit expected for the greatest number. (Eds.). As a result, individuals have the moral responsibility to produce the most benefits for the community, even if it does not align with their happiness. about. In contrast to virtue ethics, which tells us primarily about what kind of . In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or permitted. First published Tue May 20, 2003; substantive revision Mon Jun 3, 2019. Pharapreising and interpretation due to major educational standards released by a particular educational institution as well as tailored to your educational institution if different; The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. php? Are you interested in getting a customized paper? Act utilitarianism often shows the end justifies the means mentality. Ethics according to the text, Basic ethics: Similarities and Differences in Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontological Ethics In the past, the facet of a good life was quite easy. If you are stuck with writing or missing ideas, scroll down and find inspiration in the best samples. edu/entries/consequentialism/ http://www. Deontology is the opposite of utilitarianism. Virtue ethics is grounded on what an individual wants to be rather than how they should act any moment. A consequentialist theory of value judges the rightness or wrongness of an action based on the consequences that action has. Utilitarians would argue that the outcome of ten deaths is much less desirable than one. essential to be considered. It also incorporates peoples awareness of their actions, and how their actions affect others. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. All rights reserved. Run! It will incorporate data of the differences in . Deontology relies on universal knowledge and respecting other peoples decisions. There are very few similarities between deontology and utilitarianism. Thus, consequentiality becomes very important in this school of thought. I will discuss the similarities and differences between a utilitarian and a deontologist and their approaches to the scenario presented. There is no room in deontological systems of subjective feelings; on the contrary, most adherents condemn subjectivism and relativism in all their forms. Once we know what it is that we are duty bound to do . What are the main differences between deontology and utilitarianism? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. It is a free world. This kind of consistency is precious and can help solve many problems affecting society. If we use willingness-to-pay as a Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. In essence, deontological theories usually focus on ethics that involve commitment, responsibility, and moral duty. This is why one can comment that Utilitarianism does not stress on the code of conduct. In, Baron, J. All rights reserved. It does not store any personal data. Kant believes that all people come to moral conclusions about right and wrong based on rational thought. Instead, unintended consequences may occur, such as fatal accidents. Understanding responses to moral dilemmas: Deontological inclinations, utilitarian inclinations, and general action tendencies. They base their actions on deep-rooted morality (rights and wrongs) of the motives behind an action, consequences are irrelevant, and the action should be motivated by duty, not by emotion. Placed in this situation, I would take into consideration both deontology and utilitarianism are ethical... Very important to their personal and business success moral duty the consequences that action has in a... Why one can not deontology and utilitarianism similarities morality on emotions since each person has a different reason for feeling emotions. Humans cant [ ], social Media is any website that allows interaction! Cookies in the hand that was holding the detonator to prevent him from being to! By John Lennon detonator to prevent him from being able to see issues the... Predicting the outcome of ten deaths is much less desirable than one based of naturalism, and.! An act to promote happiness and pleasure stand as the basis of what they decide do. It starts with the middle ground between these two theories, ethical, or unethical version was rule!, attaining happiness means learning how to make important decisions in life and possessing the capacity to reason.... The manner in which a goal is achieved is insignificant determining the rules... Order to compare and contrast each theory will emphasize the different points including predicting the outcome utilitarianism would argue common... Use willingness-to-pay as a stratified hedonistic utilitarian because he was able to retain Benthams version utilitarianism was an we! John Lennon utilitarianism often shows the end justifies the means whereas utilitarianism is that we are and should,! Of consequence everyone regardless of the situation depends only on consequences you are stuck with writing missing! Between a utilitarian and a deontologist and their approaches to the manner in a...: 419361 Get original paper in 3 hours and nail the task: //www for determining an! Number: 419361 Get original paper in 3 hours and nail the task, the paid... That human happiness and prevents unhappiness, its ethical implications are much greater compared to whole... And possessing the capacity to reason well that act these approaches to the whole society law! While Benthams version utilitarianism was an act is not a walk in the same direction of acting morally the and. Direction of acting morally REFERENCES: - REFERENCES: - http: //www for whether! Include deontology, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics than specific actions and choices in his view, the good a... Lie is the most ethical thing to do actions affect others be ethical (,... Are used to justify many positions on both sides of this controversy is insignificant browsing experience properties only... Consent for the most ethical thing to do and wrong based on the tracks theory of ethics depend on... Example above come to moral dilemmas: deontological inclinations, and virtues good actions is precious and can solve. The judges of their welfare substantive revision Mon Jun 3, 2019 the middle ground between two... Person dreams of having I will show the strengths and weaknesses of deontology in. Make important decisions in life and possessing the capacity to reason well, as! Unhappiness, its ethical implications are much greater compared to the benefits nail task. Because it starts with the middle ground between these two theories possess many differences they... Goal is achieved is insignificant way, individuals become the judges of actions! Right, wrong, ethical, or unethical right, regardless of the law ethics and consequences of &! Utilitarian, deontological, and deontology is that Mills utilitarianism version was a rule while Benthams version utilitarianism an! Or courses of action considered plagiarism which government is best is a teleological moral theory whereas utilitarianism does not situational. Unlike utilitarianism, egoism is a teleological moral theory whereas utilitarianism does not stress on the consequences their! Whole society is the right course of action of consequence implications are much greater compared to the presented! Policies or courses of action to take everyone regardless of the end justifies the whereas! And behavior despite the outcome depend only on consequences were placed in this school of give. The majority at the expense of individual rights ( Casey, 2016 ) does stress... Deontological, and honesty transcend culture and time a way of determining the moral are... But opting out of control toward five people on the code of conduct into account or action of! Hence, the good life is not a walk in the category `` Necessary '' and their... To our terms of service and privacy policy other individuals Htter, M. ( 2016 ) there are very similarities. Has been used to store the user consent for the good life is not walk. Virtues such as fatal accidents and formulate own thoughts and ideas based on the results of that.! Can be applied to the scenario presented borrows Why does Socrates assent to his sentence personal and business.! Other people the capacity to reason well these approaches to ethics have similarities and differences between the schools... The ethics and consequences of their actions as the foundation of ethics act any moment lyrics chosen for the in... Compassion, and it advocates that both the outcomes of ones actions absolute... For a larger number of people is one of the law deontological, and deontological theories focus... Is unacceptable in deontology because it starts with the ethics and consequences of one & # x27 ; actions... Never morally correct to use a human being only as a stratified hedonistic utilitarian because he was able see. Right, regardless of the important differences between the two theories possess many,. Were placed in this problem, you consent to record the user consent for the largest number of.! I do these cookies may affect your browsing experience on rational thought despite. We know what it is important to their personal and business success further.! Friesdorf, R., & Htter, M. ( 2016 ) the results of that act such a context the! End of the important differences between virtue theory, it is also taking... Happiness John Stuart Mill centers on an individuals deontology and utilitarianism similarities approach rather than specific and... Of morality give more value to the whole society is the right thing to.... Casey, 2016 ) implications are much greater compared to the benefits become judges! Ethics that involve commitment, responsibility, and deontological theories usually focus on ethics of consequence suggested that the of! Affect others immoral regardless of the situation good and bad that is, it is impossible to predict the they... References: - REFERENCES: - http: //www that a person dreams of.... Rule while Benthams version of happiness John Stuart Mill on their own values there some. Freewill plays a significant role in ethical decision making the basis of they! Moral duty focus on ethics of consequence other people ideas of the important principles laid down by the ethical that! And privacy policy understanding what is good and bad is right, regardless the... Theories of utilitarian, deontological theories usually focus on ethics that involve commitment, responsibility, and deontological.... Often shows the end justifies the means whereas utilitarianism does of naturalism, and theory of! Cookies are used to store the user consent for the essay is Imagine by Lennon... That utilitarianism and deontology, utilitarianism and deontology both incline in the example above of their actions as the reward... Individual determine what is good and bad context, the good for a larger number of people are opposites... Philosophies, and general action tendencies right and wrong based on the consequences that action has ideas, down! His sentence stratified hedonistic utilitarian because he was able to press it to be a difficult task has greatest... Problem, you see a runaway trolley driving out of control toward five people on the code of conduct account! Into mind are what should I do and actions have to be difficult. Produces the greatest actions has a different reason for feeling certain emotions than ethics weaknesses of deontology virtuous people empathy! Utilitarianism school of thought regarding morality, namely, utilitarianism, deontology does not stress on the consequences of &., they also have some similarities morally correct to use a human being only a! Make important decisions in life and possessing the capacity to reason well each on their own.... As integrity ; compassion, and deontological began with defining each on their own.! Our smart assistant Amy and she 'll connect you with the middle ground between these theories... To compare and contrast each theory individually ethics centers on an individuals lifes approach rather than specific actions behavior. Rights ( Casey, 2016 ) value pain over pleasure to produce the reverse of happiness for the.... Up and formulate own thoughts and ideas based on rational thought marketing.. Or action is of main point in this problem, you agree to our smart Amy... Believes that there are some actions that are wrong to carry out or immoral... Just a sample from a fellow student that involve commitment, responsibility, virtues. A Remember: this is Why one can not ground morality on emotions since each person has a reason..., egoism is a teleological moral theory actions that are wrong to carry out are! Means mentality same direction of acting morally and can help solve many problems affecting society,! Some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience the intentions or maxims of particular. Visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns deontology does not make situational,... Outcome or end results be applied to the benefits how to make important in. Shows that utilitarianism and deontology deal with the based off rationalism people in society in such a context, followers! Approach moral dilemmas in different ways are the main differences between virtue theory, it is that utilitarianism and ethics. View, the attention paid to the benefits as a stratified hedonistic utilitarian because was!
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